There are 24 countries and territories that share the North American Numbering Plan (aka NANP), each of these countries has thousands if not millions of telephone users. With this many user, across so many countries the number combinations grow exponentially. As complex as this may sound, there is a rather simple science behind the coding and once understood it may help you to break down any phone number.

If you are located within the United States you may be familiar with phone numbers that look like: 1-(AAA) BBB-CCCC .It is more than probable that you have dialed that 1 before a number and did not think twice about what it meant. The fallacy with this single digit is that it meant a long-distance. This is only indirectly true. The number is actually the country code. It means that the rest on the number you are dialing is directed at a number located in NANP. This ITU country calling code excludes: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central America, and some of the Caribbean.

The next three numbers are the area code (AAA). It is common place to understand the function of these three numbers. They are the three digits that designate a segmented geographic location to the number. However obvious their function is to most, many people do not know that in certain locations, there have been splits and overlays of area codes due to saturation of their usage. With this number we now know the city or territory.  

Mobile numbers outside the US and Canada can have “area codes” which do not correspond to a geographic area. Toll-free and toll numbers have three digits placed in the “area code” section of a telephone number to assign their function. These include the prefixes 800, 877, & 900.

Next up in the number is the segment called the exchange (BBB). This second set of three digits references the original issuing service provider and type of the number. This means you can tell if the number is a landline (home) number or a mobile (cell) number. Once this is determined, you can move on to the last four numbers (CCCC), which is sometimes referred to as the station code or local number. In truth, its function is much simpler. This set of numbers is used to identify the particular subscriber (ie. the owner of the number).

Understanding the pieces, i.e. [long-distance access code]+[area code]+[exchange]+[subscriber number], will help in determining the code that lies in any NANP telephone number.

This article was made available by Jon Ryan from ReversePhoneLookup.com. ReversePhoneLookup.com is a website that uses this sort of coding science to help users identify information about unknown phone numbers who call them.

Depending on the type of game, cheat codes are entered in a menu format. The user will input a cheat code and the player will be granted powers or bonus items. Typically the cheat code password will have some type of meaning or relation to the game or series of games. Other ways in which to input cheat codes is involved with specific button sequence while in-game. For instance the most famous cheat code is related to an older game Contra. While the game Contra is not playable on the PS3, every die hard fan has memorized the cheat code as, “Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right B A Select Start”. After the successful input of this sequence, the player is granted a cheat code for additional lives. Some games have actual places to input cheat codes while in-game as a combination of the previously mentioned menu input and button sequence combination. The PS3 game Grand Theft Auto 4 allows the player to access a cheat code through their in-game character’s mobile phone. The player inputs a button sequence via a menu type format and is granted access one of numerous cheats.

There are many places to access cheat codes. The most popular forum for accessing cheat codes is www.gamefaqs.com. The player can access updated cheat codes submitted by fellow gamers. There are some consequences to using cheat codes. Some programmers allow cheat codes in order for gamers that have played through the video game to replay with a certain advantage. For games such as Star Wars, the programmers will not allow a gamer to save their progress once a cheat code is used. Although a cheat code is named as a “cheat” it is really a means to enhance a video game and reward a video gamer for hard work.

By the time Microsoft’s Xbox came onto the scene in 2001, cheat codes were being used for ports such as the PC, N64, and the Playstation. Because of the long-time existence of cheat codes, many venues could be tapped to find cheat codes for virtually any game on the Xbox. Cheat seekers could visit websites such as Cheat Code Central or Cheat Planet for user submitted cheats in addition to the cheats that had been submitted by the makers of specific games. In addition to these websites, many magazines were in existence that contained cheat codes for several platforms. In November of 2001, Official Xbox Magazine provided an Xbox-specific magazine for owners of the console seeking cheat codes, previews, and game reviews.

Unfortunately for lovers of the cheat code frenzy, many game makers have begun phasing out the use of punch-button cheat codes. With the Xbox, players could expect to find more unlockable content through achievements than through pressing a sequence of buttons. Currently, these types of codes still exist for Xbox 360 games such as Grand Theft Auto IV, however, these cheat codes are even harder to find on the 360. For extensive lists of any sort of cheat codes or extra content, visit websites such as cheatcc.com, gamesradar.com/cheats, and ign.com.

In most games there is some sort of “back door” or secret code, to change the game in your favor. It will make you stronger, give you better weapons, skip a part, or even make you invincible. Depending on the way the game was developed, there can be different ways of attaining a cheat. This is assuming that the developer added the option to cheat. Not all PSP games will have cheat codes, when that happens you will have to look up whats known as a walk-through and see step by step how its done. A Walk-through is a form of cheating itself because you know what items you need, and what you need to do, and the best way to do it to win the game.

Assuming that there are cheats for your game, there are different ways to imply those cheats and get an advantage. They could be a combination of the PsP’s buttons that unlocks the cheat itself, a certain menu in the game where you input a code to activate the cheat, or even a menu to activate cheats that get unlocked by performing certain actions in the game. Some places even offer whats called game saves. These are the actual save file for your PSP, that you download. Game saves would be more for you if you are technically inclined. You have to download the save file, then transfer it over to your PSP via the usb port built into it. These can get you past a certain part, or even start the game full powered.

PsP Cheats, walk-through files, and game saves are readily available all over the internet, by simply going to a search engine of some sort, and putting the title of your game with “cheats” after the title. Example – “psp little big planet cheats” There are wide variety of gaming sites that offer information on cheats and walk-through text files.

Once on a website for cheat codes you go through and find your game console you are currently using. Then scroll through until you find the game in which you would like to find codes for. Some sites are backwards where you pick your game first and then your console it just depends on the site but it’s pretty easy to figure out once you are there. Click on the game/console and there will be a list of different type of cheats.

For example, some codes unlock certain items your character may have, others may get you extra money. There are even some codes that unlock everything! So you go through and find which code you want, and read to see where your game should be at when you are entering the codes. Usually they want you on the main screen. Once you enter the codes you should usually hear a weird ding or some other type of noise. You may then begin to play and your cheats should be effective.

There is no rule on how many times you may try cheat codes so if you screw up, feel free to try again! Also keep in mind if one site doesn’t have your game listed, that doesn’t mean that another site won’t. Be sure to check various sites when browsing for cheat codes as some may have more than others and some may have less or more games and even more consoles to choose from. Some sites may list the newer more popular games in the front so if that happens to be what you are playing it will be even easier access for you to find.

TLS allows communications across networks in a way that prevents tampering and eavesdropping. The communications are encrypted at the transport layer on each end of the communication. TLS is based on the earlier SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) specification.

In it’s most widespread usage, browsers, the authentication is one way. The server is authenticated, but not the browser.

The client and server exchange codes when a TLS connection is first established. There are three algorithms that are negotiated:

• Key exchange and authentication algorithm to use during the handshake
• Encryption algorithm to encipher the data
• Message Authenctication Code to create the cryptographic hash of each block of the message

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Secret Code Breakers at Bletchley Park

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For many more secret code breaking stories and to learn how to break secret coded messages read the “Secret Code Breaker” series of publications. You can order all these publications on-line from the Publications section (The Books) of this web site using PayPal or if you prefer order from most major book retailers, including Amazon.com.

The Cipher that Caesar Used

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Spymaster of the Atomic Spies

Capturing a British Spy

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Bibliography

All of this information is excerpted from the “Secret Code Breaker” series of publications. You can order all these publications on-line from the Publications section (The Books) of this web site using PayPal or if you prefer order from most major book retailers, including Amazon.com.